Biography of Daniel Webster, American Statesman

Memoir of Daniel Webster, American Statesman Daniel Webster (January 18, 1782â€October 24, 1852) was one of the most smooth and powerful American political figures of the mid nineteenth century. He served in the U.S. Place of Representatives, in the Senate, and in the official branch as the Secretary of State. Given his conspicuousness in discussing the extraordinary issues of his day, Webster was thought of, along with Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun, an individual from the Great Triumvirate. The three men, each speaking to an alternate area of the nation, characterized national governmental issues for a very long while. Quick Facts: Daniel Webster Known For: Webster was a powerful American legislator and orator.Born: January 18, 1782 in Salisbury, New HampshireParents: Ebenezer and Abigail WebsterDied: October 24, 1852 in Marshfield, MassachusettsSpouse(s): Grace Fletcher, Caroline LeRoy WebsterChildren: 5 Early Life Daniel Webster was conceived in Salisbury, New Hampshire, on January 18, 1782. He experienced childhood with a ranch, and worked there during the warm months and went to a nearby school in the winter. Webster later went to Phillips Academy and Dartmouth College, where he got known for his noteworthy talking aptitudes. After graduation, Webster took in the law by working for a legal advisor (the typical practice under the watchful eye of graduate schools got normal). He specialized in legal matters from 1807 until the time he entered Congress. Early Political Career Webster originally achieved some neighborhood conspicuousness when he tended to an Independence Day celebration on July 4, 1812, talking on the subject of the war, which had quite recently been announced against Britain by President James Madison. Webster, in the same way as other in New England, contradicted the War of 1812. He was chosen for the House of Representatives from a New Hampshire area in 1813. In the U.S. Legislative center, he got known as an able speaker, and he frequently contended against the Madison organizations war strategies. Webster left Congress in 1816 to focus on his legitimate vocation. He obtained a notoriety for being an exceptionally talented litigator and contended a few noticeable cases before the U.S. Preeminent Court during the period of Chief Justice John Marshall. One of these cases, Gibbons v. Ogden, set up the extent of the U.S. governments authority over interstate business. Webster came back to the House of Representatives in 1823 as an agent from Massachusetts. While serving in Congress, Webster regularly gave open locations, including commendations for Thomas Jefferson and John Adams (who both passed on July 4, 1826). He got known as the best open speaker in the nation. Senate Career Webster was chosen for the U.S. Senate from Massachusetts in 1827. He would serve until 1841, and would be a noticeable member in numerous basic discussions. Webster upheld the section of the Tariff of Abominationsâ in 1828, and that carried him into strife with John C. Calhoun, the canny and blazing political figure from South Carolina. Sectional debates came into center, and Webster and a dear companion of Calhoun, Senator Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina, got down to business in banters on the floor of the Senate in January 1830. Hayne contended for states rights, and Webster, in a popular counter, mightily contended for the authority of the government. The verbal firecrackers among Webster and Hayne became something of an image for the countries developing divisions. The discussions were shrouded in detail by papers and observed intently by people in general. As the Nullification Crisisâ developed, Webster upheld the approach of President Andrew Jackson, who took steps to send government troops to South Carolina. The emergency was turned away before rough activity occurred. Webster restricted the financial approaches of Andrew Jackson, in any case, and in 1836 he ran for president as a Whig against Martin Van Buren, a nearby political partner of Jackson. In a combative four-manner race, Webster just conveyed his own territory of Massachusetts. Secretary of State After four years, Webster again looked for the Whig designation for president yet lost to William Henry Harrison, who won the appointment of 1840. Harrison named Webster as his Secretary of State. President Harrison passed on a month subsequent to getting down to business. As he was the primary president to bite the dust in office, there was a debate over presidential progression in which Webster participated. John Tyler, Harrisons VP, declared that he ought to turn into the following president, and the Tyler Precedentâ became acknowledged practice. Webster was one of the bureau authorities who couldn't help contradicting this choice; he felt that the presidential bureau should share a portion of the presidential forces. After this discussion, Webster didn't coexist with Tyler, and he left his post in 1843. Later Senate Career Webster came back to the U.S. Senate in 1845. He had attempted to make sure about the Whig designation for president in 1844 however lost to long-term rival Henry Clay. In 1848, Webster lost another endeavor to get the designation when the Whigs nominated Zachary Taylor, a legend of the Mexican War. Webster was against the spread of subjugation to new American regions. In the late 1840s, nonetheless, he started supporting trade offs proposed by Henry Clay to keep the Union together. In his last significant activity in the Senate, he upheld the Compromise of 1850, which incorporated the Fugitive Slave Act that was exceptionally disagreeable in New England. Webster conveyed a profoundly foreseen address during Senate discusses later known as the Seventh of March Speech-in which he supported protecting the Union. Huge numbers of his constituents, profoundly insulted by parts of his discourse, felt double-crossed by Webster. He left the Senate a couple of months after the fact, when Millard Fillmore, who had become president after the passing of Zachary Taylor, delegated him as Secretary of State. In May 1851, Webster rode alongside two New York government officials, Senator William Seward and President Millard Fillmore, on a train outing to commend the new Erie Railroad. At each stop across New York State swarms accumulated, for the most part since they were planning to hear a discourse by Webster. His speech abilities were with the end goal that he dominated the president. Webster attempted again to be designated for president on the Whig ticket in 1852, yet the gathering picked General Winfield Scott at aâ brokered show. Maddened by the choice, Webster wouldn't bolster Scotts bid. Passing Webster kicked the bucket on October 24, 1852, not long before the general political decision (which Winfield Scott would lose to Franklin Pierce). He was covered in Winslow Cemetery in Marshfield, Massachusetts. Heritage Webster cast a long shadow in American governmental issues. He was extraordinarily respected, even by a portion of his spoilers, for his insight and talking abilities, which made him one of the most powerful political figures of his time. A sculpture of the American legislator remains in New Yorks Central Park. Sources Brands, H. W. Beneficiaries of the Founders: the Epic Rivalry of Henry Clay, John Calhoun and Daniel Webster, the Second Generation of American Giants. Irregular House, 2018.Remini, Robert V. Daniel Webster: the Man and His Time. W.W. Norton Co., 2015.

Are actors and professional athletes paid too much Essay - 1

Are entertainers and expert competitors paid excessively - Essay Example Maybe the life of fabulousness experienced by such people doesn't do a lot to scatter this contention. Among competitors venerated as far as installments incorporate Arnold Schwarzenegger; a previous muscle head later turned entertainer and a legislative head of California. Arnold, who is better known for his jobs in Conan the Barbarian and the Terminator and the Expendables, is reputed to be among those that are generously compensated in the business. Is fascinating that he has lived in the two sides of the acting and competitor occupations. Others incorporate Dwayne â€Å"the rock† Johnson, who rose to distinction as an expert grappler with WWE. As indicated by the Hollywood Reporter Magazine, on-screen characters, for example, Robert Downey Jr. what's more, Sandra Bullock top the rundown with regards to installments. Downey Jr’s $ 75 million radiates from his 7 percent cut in Iron Man # and an incredible $12 million from HTC underwriting bargain. In any case, before we broil entertainers and on-screen characters because of their pay rates, we should realize that there is by all accounts some separation among the large stars and those not considered as large stars. â€Å"When you a major star, you get generously compensated, with the center being cut out,† one top operator remarked on the Hollywood Reporter magazine. To such an extent that, Leornardo DiCaprio earned $25 million for the hit film The Wolf of Wall Street with co-star Jonah Hill just overseeing $600000. What’s more is that DiCaprio even got named for an Oscar due to his â€Å"troubles.† As per Hollywood Life, The Big Bang Theory Fans are â€Å"outraged† over the multi-million arrangement lead entertainers Jim Parsons, Kaley Cuoco-Sweeting, and Johnny Galecki have marked with CBC. What’s interesting is that one would regularly assume that fans would be excited by the news that their preferred sitcom entertainers would pack more. â€Å"Prior to the detailed new arrangement, every on-screen character was acquiring $350000. The trio has now significantly increased their checks having marked on for three

Writing a High-Quality and Powerful Essay With Your Own Thesis Statement

Writing a High-Quality and Powerful Essay With Your Own Thesis StatementIt is extremely important to have a thesis statement when writing an essay, because it is what will make your essay stand out. If you are a student who has spent the last several years memorizing various research topics and having little room for creative thinking on your own, you need to start developing your writing skills now.Writing an essay of any length requires that you have a solid grasp of what the audience is looking for. A thesis statement is no different. It provides a very simple but yet powerful definition of the question at hand. It serves as the central theme that runs throughout the entire essay.That is not to say that you can do away with interesting points and different types of writing. Rather, this article is about taking some of the uninteresting points and condensing them into a thesis statement, which has been proven to be very effective in generating massive amounts of interest and result s.Most people don't think about a thesis statement when they are writing an essay. But they are incredibly powerful when used correctly.There are many different degrees of difficulty when it comes to writing thesis statements. You should not necessarily look for the most difficult one; rather, you should find one that is right for your needs.There are two ways to approach this: find one that is easy for you to write, or find one that is challenging for your own ability. There is nothing wrong with seeking out both kinds of essays and choosing between them based on your own preferences.Do you have a passion for learning about something? Maybe your thesis statement is the name of that field of study. If you have a passion for business, your thesis statement will likely be about the value of a business owner's decision making process.Do you have some kind of knack for creative writing? Perhaps you will benefit from having a thesis statement that has a wonderful theme to it.

Competition and manufacturing - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 32 Words: 9527 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Liberalization in India has allowed for increased competition and manufacturing as a result of pressure to improve quality, which was necessary for growth and survival; as against the early days of Independence which monopolized markets where consumers had little choice. Organizations have undergone a paradigm shift from an inward-production-led philosophy to an outward-customer-focused approach (Sureshchander et al., 2002) with an increased focus on understanding consumer needs and innovating to cater to them. With less of a focus on the initial entry and with a longer-term view of what a thriving Indian business would look like, the more successful companies has invested time and resources to understand local consumers and business conditions (Paurav Shukla, 2005). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Competition and manufacturing" essay for you Create order This was because the Indian consumer was largely different from their global counterparts due to dependence on culture and values. This is evident in the various product and communication modifications of various international players while entering India. Some of them that can be quoted are: Mc Donaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, Nokia, Ariel etc. In this light several researches have been carried out on understanding various concepts in India such as family values, buying process, decision making, children as influencers etc. With the advent of malls in India a change in the decision making process has occurred where the retailer acted as an innovator in providing more choices to customers, thus changing the buying process from need-aspire-buy to aspire-need-buy process. This process has also been widely researched with focus on marketing communications, cross-selling opportunities etc. However due to the high cultural association of family with Indian mindset, there has been not enough research done on understanding the needs and aspirations of the Indian couples without children, as against Western countries where specific offerings have been created and served for couples in particular. Seeing this as a potential market segment this research is aimed at understanding the needs and aspirations of couples in India in terms of their service needs, and aspirations about entertainment and bonding. Once established the outcome of the result would be taken and used to develop a strategy for providing offerings to this segment in India that would be demonstrated by experiment in a simulated scenario as part of Venture Incubation Project. Introduction: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Hum Tum à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Celebrating Togethernessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? is the platform for facilitating couples to follow the The 7th vow of marriage à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Togetherness. Lost in the mundane routines of day to day work both in and outside home, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Hum Tumà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? helps couples to bring back the moments of togetherness and fun which strengthen relations and makes life happier. India with a geographical spread of 3,287,240 square kilometers accommodating 1177 million (estimated for 2010) people has a rich cultural diversity where 325 languages are spoken by people of different caste and creed. Referred to as the log book of the world by National Geographic, with the intermingling of races that occurred due to multiple invasions in the past, one of the hot buttons in India is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Familyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a basic foundation of Indian culture. To market products and services targeting a family seemed the most feasible option with family pack as the easiest way to reach and attract customers. With increasing competition and segmentation children, young adults, and older people have been grown to be separate segments with customized products, services and segmentation. However with strong importance attached to the roles and responsibilities both at home and towards the society, couple as a unit was never segmented and targeted as a unit of consumption. This could also be because of the strong guilt associated with thoughts of indulging themselves sans the family in the Indian couples. The emphasis shift in marketing and communication was largely from loners to families, in crafting and designing marketing activities except for a few specific products and services like tourism, family planning and sensuous products etc. This social trend of guilt, social responsibility and complying to societal regulations however is seeing a change in todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s situation with most couples making an effort to understand and explore each other. Marriage today is no more an obligation by the society; rather it is seen as a journey of togetherness, sharing and love. Couples are ready to invest more time for them, to travel and enjoy their life together while giving sufficient time to family and work. With increasing financial and social freedom of women, the expectations and demands from the spouse also have changed considerably. Though this has increased the disposable income lack of time is still a problem today. While household duties and societal norms gave no time for couples earlier, today it is the dual jobs scenario that has made time available more scarce and quality of time spent more important. Options like shopping and movies that exhaust time with no active involvement are no longer on the t op of the list for favorite pastime today. Hobby classes, long drives and adventure sports are moving up the ladder suggesting that they would want to invest time more efficiently since they understand its limited and valuable. Also more than spending time with relatives as part of committing to societal norms today the emphasis is more on finding people with similar interests and improving their skills and spending time in a meaningful way. Based on these trends the following analysis has been done to understand how couples can be targeted as a unit of consumption and to identify entrepreneurial opportunities in providing leisure and entertainment options to couples that would build and strengthen the feeling of togetherness in couples demanding their active involvement. Market opportunity analysis : Industry Analysis: Leisure and Entertainment Industry Fun today is serious business with Indians moving away from the era of savings to the era of indulgence. International companies expanding into Asian countries consider India as becoming one of the fast growing markets for spends in leisure and entertainment industry. This can be attributed to the increasing family income with the spouses earning, reducing family sizes with nuclear families, and the new mantra of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“live life to the fullestà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Compared to about three times a month in 2003, many urban Indians now eat out five to six times per week in 2010. A sample survey of 1,500 couples by the Associated Chambers of Commerce in 2008 found that 65% of dual working couples spend an average of Rs10, 000 a month on eating out four to five days in a week and watching minimum four to five movies a month. Some of the key characteristics[1] of the needs of Indians pertaining to leisure and entertainment industry are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“I want to invest my time on weekendsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? : Though most couples spend leisure time during weekdays on TV and weekends in shopping and films there is a little thought that lingers across their minds on the usefulness of the time spent on watching television and a plan to invest in hobbies and healthy activities. More so since the bulk of TV viewing is spent on soaps and film-based programmes. The emerging à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Gamesterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?: Gaming as a pastime has spread across SECà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and urban rural divisions indicating the potential growth prospects. Though most active gamers are mostly male, female gamers have grown to a sizeable 24% suggesting the scope for the growth of gaming as one of the most favored pastime activities in families. Earn more, spend more: From a country known for savings for tomorrow, couples today are eager to earn more for a capability to spend more. Self indulgence and splurging using credit cards, and schemes to buy luxury goods is not uncommon today. In the case of double-income-no-kids families, a greater proportion of disposable income is spent on leisure and recreation, eating out and health and fitness. Expert Speak: The service providers in the Leisure Entertainment industry foresee many changes in years to come; options that will force the Indian consumer to look beyond TV as a source of entertainment. Some of the trends they foresee are: The industry will be characterised by convergence of media, with content that is more interactive, participative. They believe that themes will be a major part of entertainment à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" theme parks, for events (theme shows), and other one-off activities like runs and marathons. This will be accompanied by emergence of recreational resorts like Disney World and Universal Studio and niche activities/facilities like wax museums, innovative film city and bungee jumping. Marriage Expectations: Marriage had been the anchoring point on which the whole of Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s social structure of family has been maintained. There is no greater event in a family than a wedding, dramatically evoking every possible social obligation, kinship bond, traditional value, impassioned sentiment, and economic resource. Marriage has been defined in ancient Indian literature as the entrance into Grahastha Ashram from Brahmacharya which signifies moving from bachelorhood to being a householder. The Grahastha Ashram in initiated with marriage where in the householder is supposed to take up the responsibility of procreation and then bring up children similar to his ancestral norms and customs. In doing so the householder has to do the 4 Dharmas of life à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Dharma, Ardha, Kama and Moksha i.e. be truthful to the society, earn enough to substantiate the family, enjoy sexual pleasures with oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s spouse and finally perform religious duties to attain Moksha. As seen above, marriage has been always associated with responsibilities and duties, with relatively less importance attached to the bonding or the feeling of togetherness among the couples. A marriage was believed to be sacrosanct and divorce an anomaly. Societal norms, interdependence and children were the key factor that bound spouses together more than affection and togetherness among the couples. Social customs and beliefs held paramount value with the belief that marriage is sacred and had to be maintained despite internal disparity between the couples. Joint families were the norm with little scope and space for the couples to understand and relate to each other. Pro-creation and other responsibilities were associated with the definition of marriage. Even though a few couples were dissatisfied with their relation it usually ended with interference from parents or the local heads to avoid a social disgrace. Through this sustained for many centuries, the generation today is demanding more from the relation. The boundaries between men and women are fast diminishing and demands are fast rising from both the spouses from the marriage as a relation. Material comforts are no more sufficient today to sustain and build a marriage. While love marriages are definitely on a rise with couples interacting well before marriage the fact remains that there are increasing number of marriage counseling centers, divorce cases led and family problems. While these problems are usually attributed to the increasing demands of todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s youth, lack of emotional support from elders in the family the prime factor perhaps is the lack of a strong relation between the man and woman in a marriage. Lack of understanding, co-ordination and primarily a feeling of togetherness in couples are leading to increasing distances. Analyzing industry cross TG: Leisure spending habits of couples in India: The options for leisure and entertainment in India are aplenty in the form of movie theatres, sports, clubs, restaurants, malls, holiday packages etc to name a few. However one important point to note is that traditionally, Indians tend to spend more time inside the home with their families, especially married couples with children. According to a McKinsey Report on How Half of the World Shops, nearly 70% of Indias shoppers always go to stores with their families, and 74% à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" more than twice the average of Brazil, China and Russia à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"view shopping as the best way to spend time with family. The preference for family-oriented shopping is consistent across all age groups, income segments, regions and city sizes. Watching movies is another common pastime across all age and income groups and regions, which is again largely a family affair across India. Culture, leisure in Ahmedabad: Ahmedabad, the commercial capital of Gujarat is a culturally rich city with a population of about 52 Lakhs. There is a strong Gujarati culture where the chief wage earner is into business and the joint family is typical among Gujaratis, with a household consisting of two or three generations of men and their dependents. Celebrating in groups with lot of sound, music is the norm here, and most outings include the whole family and even other families along. This is attributed to the cost saving plans inherent in businessmen and the ingrained definition of fun as including large groups of people. Ahmedabad was the first city in India to have a multiplex which shows that leisure is serious business here. Drive-in, multiplex, single screen put together there are about 40 cinema theatres in Ahmedabad. Family Clubs, events in performing arts and growth of sports like golf suggest that there is indeed a great demand for better and innovative ways of spending leisure time. Literature Review: Shopping behaviour: Shopping experience is a utilitarian effort aimed at obtaining needed goods and services as well as hedonic rewards (Pavleen Kaur, 2007). The number of working women is increasing in India and it accounts for the considerable increase in disposable income plus rising personal consumption for the dual-income family. The consequent time poverty necessitated changes in shopping basket composition and patterns. Apart from shopping patterns undergoing a change owing to time-pressures and higher disposable incomes, the motives for people to shop also changed. Therefore, the concept of economic/utilitarian shopping, that is, seeking the best buy, was coupled with other hedonic motives. Interestingly, the shopping activities ostensibly undertaken to maximise value obtained were highly enjoyable. (Ray and Walker, 2004; Spears, 2005). Tauber (1972) identified that social interaction which consists of a variety of social motives, such as, social interaction, reference group affiliation and comm unicating with others having similar interests also was an important reason for shopping. The information-seeking motive, as proposed by Tauber, included information seeking, comparison, and accessing in a retail context. According to Pavleen Kaur (2007) shopping is also seen as a means of diversion to alleviate depression or break the monotony of daily routine. Change in retail environment: According to Pavleen (2007) the ever mounting customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ needs and expectations were largely catered for by the new and emerging organised retailers who offer a wide array of goods at affordable prices more conveniently to the customer. In other words, growth in incomes made it essential for the retailing firms to modify their existing ways of doing business according to the changing requirements of the customer. The present environment exposes consumers to a plethora of purchase options and in return they may even be compelled, in certain situations, to redefine their shopping styles according to the available options. Buying behavior: Consumption decisions made in the market cannot be viewed as an independent event à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" these are closely related with values and social relationship and cultural allegiance (Saikat Banerjee et al. 1999). Children have also come to constitute a very important consumer group that influences family purchases of various products in many ways. Finally with the advent of malls the definition of shopping has changed to a way of socialization, where both husbands and wives tend to have high involvement in shopping. Martinez and Polo (1999) studied family purchase behaviour by surveying 600 Spanish married couples. They found that couples would make joint decisions only when the couple was young and the wife worked; in couples where the wife did not work or the spouses had been married for many years, the husband would usually make decisions alone. In specific Indian context Hofstede (1980) identified Indian society as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"collectivistà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. India had been patriarchal with the Chief Wage earner being the decision maker. However changes in education, the advent of career women, and the growing number of dual-income families have challenged earlier beliefs on role structure and purchase influence (Webster, 1995) thus making spouse and children an important part of the decision making process in most categories. Service Quality Parameters: Analyzing services industry in particular, service firm marketers are aware that quality superiority provides significant strategic advantages such as customer loyalty, responsiveness to demand, market share growth, and greater productivity (Malhotra, 2004). However evaluation of service quality becomes difficult due to three characteristics that are inherent in services à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" intangibility, heterogeneity, and inseparability (Berry and Parasuraman, 1991). In this context the ten determinants or dimensions of service quality as proposed by Parasuraman (1994) are: reliability, access, and understanding of the customer, responsiveness, competence, courtesy, communication, credibility, security, and tangible considerations. According to Malhotra (1994) environmental factors like culture, communication infrastructure, education, technology, and economic development impact the service quality dimensions of a society. The New Age Couple: Most Indian couples today are far removed from the widely researched traditional family system of India. As the political independence of 1947 and the economic reforms of 1991 transformed India into one of the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s largest democracies and business entrepreneurship respectively, the rise of the New Middle Class (NMC) referred to as The Call Centre Couple, has transformed Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s family structure, markets and workplace as we know them today (Jagdish Sheth, 2009). The CCC is a young family where both husband and wife have college degrees and both have to work to economically survive and achieve their aspirations. Neither wants to have their parents live with them. They believe parents will deprive their freedom and independence, and possibly interfere in their new lifestyle. What matters to this NMC is personal independence and freedom. Time has become a scarce resource and since both work, there is permanent time shift and time poverty for daily act ivities of shopping, workings, sleep and recreation. Sundays become very precious and the couple resents any intrusion from the boss or from other family members. To cope with life, both are desperately latching on to spirituality (but independent of religious rituals) and to a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“holisticà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? life style with yoga and meditation. CCCs are everywhere and transcend the traditional metro vs. non-metro market definitions as they also transcend religion and subcultures of India. This NMC or the CCC is widespread, one-way and a permanent discontinuity from the past. Leisure: Three dimensions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" attraction, centrality, and self expression à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" have consistently been shown to be applicable and reliably measured within leisure settings (Dimanche et al., 1991; McIntyre and Pigram, 1992; Havitz and Dimanche, 1997; Wiley et al., 2000). The origins of leisure participation and continued involvement are more often influenced by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the social circles of workmates, family and friendsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ than by individual causes (Burch, 1969, p. 138). Burch termed this influence the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"personal community hypothesisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of leisure which shows that affiliation is a must. Affiliation referred to interacting and sharing oneself with others and consisted of six components: (a) affirmation of family and friends, which referred to leisure contexts that supported ties to family and friends; (b) satisfaction with family and friends, which referred to the satisfaction derived from shared leisure experiences; (c) development of children, which referred to leisure contexts that permitted opportunities for parents to model their childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s values and impart their own sense of morality; (d) development and maintenance of relationships, which referred to contexts that enabled informants to spend time with friends or make new friends; (e) interaction with others, which referred to leisure contexts that positively influenced informantsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ affect which, in turn, effected their interactions with those around them; and (f) location, which refers to the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"containerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ or settings in which informantsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ experiences occurred.Alternately, leisure as agency referred to contexts where experiences facilitated the development and realization of aspects of the self. As seen above extensive research has been done to understand the buying behaviour, service quality expectations of Indian consumers; both at an individual and family level. However the global trend today is an increased focus on carrying out research on couples to understand their needs and preferences. Primarily in the hospitality and tourism industries offers specifically designed for couples which include specially designed hotel rooms, resorts, holiday tours etc are more common place now. The services have extended to homes by providing personalized services at home including housekeeping, garden designing etc thus highlighting the scope of this segment as a potential source for creating new markets. In this context the following problem definition has been identified. Venture Incubation Problem: Entrepreneurial opportunities: So far the marketers have used their strategies and processes of targeting people as an individual/family or Corporates as a unit of consumption. Therefore most products/service offerings today are concentrating on segmenting consumers in terms of gender (man/woman), age (children, youngsters, and old people), social and economic classification etc. The couple as a single unit and their joint consumption needs and patterns have largely been ignored in terms of couple/pair, husband/wife who aspires to live together and explore all possible ways of living in togetherness à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" through pursuing joint hobbies, developing new set of skills, occupations and social interaction patterns. In view of the above it seems that seeing a couple as a unit of consumer is an unexplored area and therefore offers tremendously new set of opportunities through uncovering new set of needs and aspirations for joint consumption of a couple which would lead to new value offerings in terms of new a set of services, repackaging services to offer a new method of the delivery of services as they may desire to consume it together rather than as individuals. This has been seen growing in India recently where many clubs are encouraging couples to participate in dance classes, fashion shows etc. Innovative marketing Since marketers have to a larger extent ignored this particular aspect there are no management/marketing developed in this context for providing value to couples. Also there has been no adequate market research done to understand and derive insight about needs and aspiration of consumption as a couple. An in depth understanding of these values and needs might be used to develop a new marketing model for delivery value to couples in India. Implementation Plan: Conduct a market research as explained below to understand the needs and aspirations of couples with respect to service needs and entertainment. (Stage 1 in Research) By selecting some of the service/entertainment options based on research carried out in Step 1, simulate a test environment to create an experience for a select set of couples. The customer response can be measured here which can be used to suggest a framework for entrepreneurs and marketers looking to target couples in India. Develop and test an innovative marketing model on how to address the needs and aspirations of couples in India. (Stage 2 in Research) Research Design: The research design for achieving this objective was carried out in 2 phases, secondary and primary research. Secondary Research: The objective of secondary research was to understand the history of marriage and its value to Indians, how Indians moved across different stages of life cycle and what are the common aspirations, expectations and values derived from marriage. This was carried out through reading articles and opinions of historians, psychologists, articles on Hindu culture, marriage and the changes that have been happening to the system of marriage and family in India. Marriage is an important institution in almost all societies in the world. The results of numerous studies suggest that people tend to be both healthier and happier when they are married (e.g., Gottman, 1994; Orbuch Custer, 1995;White, 1994). According to Mansfield and Collard married women talk about à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"togethernessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in marriage and sharing a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"common lifeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ with their husbands (by this they mean sharing interests and time with their partner). Men, on the other hand, maintain a concept of togetherness that contains elements of traditional marriage. They are more likely to emphasise the importance of knowing that a wife can be a source of support if necessary, and are less likely to stress the need to have time for talking together. For young husbandsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ views of togetherness have more to do with geographical than emotional closeness. It is possible that the womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s movement has been an important catalyst in the progress towards an increasingly strong emphasis on equality and sharing in marriage. Women seem to have moved towards the relationship model of marriage earlier and at greater speed than men. Togetherness in marriage: The 7th of the Pheras which form an important part of every Indian marriage signifies togetherness. As part of this Phera the couple asks for companionship, togetherness and loyalty and understanding forever in their relation. They promise to remain friends and be mature enough to carry that friendship through all travails of life. At the end of it the husband and wife commit to the friendship for life and thus the marriage is complete. Beyond these vows, togetherness in a marriage was confined to behind closed doors in Indian sub-continent. Earlier, conversations between couples were hugely restricted to bed rooms and that too only in the night. Even these came down with the birth of a child since children usually slept with parents till they passed their teens. Couple speaking in front of elders were considered to be disrespecting elders and hence strictly avoided. Even eating together was rare since the wife was supposed to eat only after the husband completed his eating. Couples rarely went out together except for attending social functions where their presence together was more of a social norm. For the society the man represented the couple outside the house and the woman represented the couple inside the house. Hence togetherness was more of a social norm then an expectation or an aspiration earlier. While menà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s expectations from marriage were confined to domestic assistance and extending his family, womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s expectations from marriage were motherhood, financial and emotional security. Women were not a part of any decision making except in meager matters like kitchen, and food. Key decisions of the house, including the future of children were controlled by the heads of the family and the man who was the chief wage earner of the family. Together child was the only common aspiration that both men and women had from marriage and sex was perhaps the only common activity because of the societal norms and cultural inhibitions. It was more of an outside in approach where marriage was an activity performed for social acceptance than personal preferences. There was a term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“marriageable ageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? where the social custom of marriage was bound to happen irrespective of the thoughts of the couple. While it was child marriage primitively with marriages happening soon of the child birth, it gradually moved to post puberty. With the influence of Wes tern culture and women empowerment the expectations from marriage today have changed considerably. The importance of marriage has changed from just procreation and a societal norm to be accepted. Today a marriage is more about togetherness, about doing things together, understand each other and the world better and in the process also contribute positively to the society. Women becoming financially independent and well educated gave them a scope to offer their own point of view and actively take part in decision making. Though even today the decisions are hugely controlled by men, womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s role in decision making is more than what it was earlier. Couples are planning and delaying their children for having a good married life, with just their spouse. Developing their relation, going around visiting places and accumulating finances are more important than children for most couples in the first few years of marriage today. Also the concept of marriageable age is no long er strong today with youngsters deciding to marry late, based on their commitments at studies, work and their aspirations in life. They want to achieve some independent success before getting into marriage which they want to make successful. They believe marriage needs time and ready to invest in it but only after satisfying their personal goals and aspirations. How Indian couples spent leisure time: Leisure was entirely a gender based concept earlier with men resorting to discussions with friends and elders while women largely got together with neighbors and elders in the afternoons for chit-chat while parallelly doing some household activities. Tours were confined to pilgrimages usually to fulfill the wishes of the elders than for pleasure. Later movies and TV were the major sources to spend leisure time. This has bought the family together with most programmes watched by the whole family and movies a monthly or a periodic affair where the whole family went as an outing. The culture of picnics, family get-togethers, clubs, theme parks, brought in more avenues of leisure and entertainment. Children were usually part of the activity unless it was late in the night or involved alcohol since there was guilt in spending time without children. From this family oriented leisure lifestyle today India today is moving towards an individual leisure lifestyle where both the spouses have th eir own ways of spending leisure time and there is no more any guilt of not spending time with children or spouse and family since they believe its their life and they have a right to spend it in their own way. Togetherness outside home: Touch is perhaps the most primitive demonstration of our emotional selves that remains unchanged throughout humankinds evolutionary history. All living beings carry with them a sense of personal space which is shared through touch irrespective of social and cultural differences. Touch may be defined as the highest level of acceptance since people usually move to touch only when the degree of comfort is high. Discussing the societal norms in terms of couples, public display of affection is still a taboo in Indian society and most couples prefer not to be physically together in any public place. This could be one of the main reasons why Indians do not enjoy leisure time as much as foreigner do since they take physical intimacy as accepted even in a public place. Another important factor is that couples love the romantic moments in their first few days of marriage, and wish some of it gets rubbed back sometime again. The element of fun and togetherness in the first few days of marriage is cherished by most couples. According to some sociologists, almost all the couples like to show off that they are having a good happy married life. One of the main reasons for couples to go out beyond enjoying their time to movies, restaurants etc is to flaunt their happiness though it is not entirely conscious. However once they make a family i.e. become parents, they are supposed to be more responsible in societal norms and hence are not any more interested in outings as a couple. Most couples would still prefer going out only with their spouse to new places, provided their children are taken care of by parents and believe they can spend good time together. Primary Research: Objective: The objective of primary research was to understand the aspirations of couples in Ahmedabad from marriage, the value of togetherness in the relation of marriage at different stages after marriage. Also attempt was made to understand how they spend their leisure time and the latent and unmet needs with respect to leisure and entertainment in Ahmedabad for couples. Universe and Sample Size: The universe of this research is the married couples of Ahmedabad belonging to the SEC A+, and not planning to get divorced. While choosing the sample there were several factors that were considered like: Time for which the couple was married, existence of children, age of children, financial independence, joint/nuclear family, compatibility between couples with respect to education and culture, dual income/single income, existence of family help etc. The above factors were found to be some of the prime factors that impact the relation between couples with respect to understanding, compatibility, availability of time, leisure, physical and financial capability etc. Hence the sample was as follows: C1:Gujarati couple married for 1 year, dual income, nuclear familyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" No children C2:Couple married for 1 year, dual income, nuclear family, shifted to Ahmedabad from Delhi, existent family help à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" No children C3:Gujarati couple married for 1 year, joint family, single income à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" No Children C4:Gujarati couple married for 5 years, nuclear family, single income à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2 Children (Aged 1 and 3) C5:Gujarati couple married for 10 years, joint family, single income à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2 Children (Aged 8 and 5) C6:Gujarati couple married for 25 years, joint family, retired, financially independent, living with son C7:Gujarati couple married for 40 years, nuclear family, financially independent, not living with children, recently shifted from USA, lived in USA since marriage C8:Couple married for 2 years, love marriage, against elders, double income, 1 child C9:Couple married for 4 years, love marriage, accepted by elders, single income, 1 child aged 4 C10:Gujarati couple, graduates, to be married in May 2010 Sampling Technique: Couples from SEC A+ were chosen by following random sampling in the members of Karnavati Club and snow balling through contacts in Ahmedabad. Screening questions were asked to ensure they met the criteria of the sample. Here one unmarried couple which got engaged also was taken into consideration since this would give better understanding of the aspirations of couples before marriage as against the responses of married people about their aspirations earlier. Information Areas: Perception of Marriage à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Aspirations and expectations from spouse Value of togetherness à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Need, level of existence in relation today, how it changes with children Weekday, weekend routine Leisure time à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Amount of time and how it is spent: Personal, with spouse, family, holidays Aspirations in the context of spouse à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Activities, leisure, impact of societal norms, existence of options Research Tool: The research tool used here was In-depth Interview of each spouse in 5 couples, dyads of 5 couples. As part of the interview projective techniques, word associations, interpretation of ads were used to understand the respondent. Interpretation of ads: Ads shown: Bru coffee, SBI Life Insurance, Onida TV ad Liking towards the ad and what was the one thing they like about the ad Data findings: Common patterns: The definition of marriage was centered on understanding, love and a feeling of togetherness with different sets of people highlighting different aspects as the most important. Children represent togetherness after some time as couples get engrossed in their own worlds with reducing time spent together. Another important fact that came across was that any activity that demanded complete involvement from them would make them happy and increase the bonding. Children for one could be the highest in this aspect since there was complete involvement and attachment in rearing the child. Again when couples had common interests they were completely involved and hence enjoyed the time doing that activity. Movies were mostly preferred with partners only by young couples, while all the others saw it as a waste of time since they are passive most of the time looking at the screen and cannot really connect with the partner. Middle aged couples preferred to with friends who share common interests over the spouse with different interests as it is boring for the partner to sit through for 3 hours. Dinners were usually a family affair and trips in holidays usually included family and friends which were planned well ahead because it was economical and had a lot of fun to travel in groups. Fun was mostly associated with activities in groups, and families by most couples except the couple which came from Delhi. Only they defined fun as trekking, cooking together; while for the other married couples any activity with just the couple did not give any element of fun. Being with spouse alone was a good feeling as most people put it than fun. Most couples across age groups and family life cycle stages opined that the lack of fun was the fundamental deterrent to the marriage which makes it boring and agreed that marriage is a relation which needs constant effort from both sides to ensure it goes strong. Women said that it all depended more on the women as men tend to find others options of leisure and entertainment beyond their homes, while women are bound by responsibility towards home and children. Men on the other hand felt women had no time left after taking care of the children. According to one of the respondents à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“If there is an element of fun in the relation then it becomes easier to say something we donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t like in the other person in a teasing manner without hurting themà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The definition of togetherness was marriage and spouse for the young and the old couples, while for others it was handling tough situations like someone in the family falling sick, who can be reached for help anywhere anytime. This definition included friends, family and relatives along with spouse. Almost all the couples across the sample preferred to go on long walks on the sea shore, and long drive together. The vastness of the road ahead and the sea was the reason behind with the color of sky and water à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" blue bringing in serenity. According to one of the respondents à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Sitting in the beach or a long walk makes us feel that we are ahead and the whole world is behind, and there is so much vastness ahead, be it the sea or the skyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Most couples were skeptic about touching each other in public outside the room and public display of affections was a strict no since ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s against the societal norms. They were ok with holding hands among other couples but not in front of parents or children since it meant disrespect for elders and spoiling the children. Most couples said marriage is a relation which needed constant effort from each of the spouse to ensure that the togetherness is enriched and not lost in daily mundane activities. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“It is not possible to just live on memories for ever. There should be new memories and new experiences which will make the bond stronger and the relation long lastingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Men say marriage is not between 2 families its rather between 2 people, whereas women thought it was between 2 families In DIà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s both women and men were more vocal about their aspirations before their marriage than in the case of dyads where they spoke more about responsibilities than aspirations. Other findings: Specifically couples in the middle age segment where the woman was a house wife with growing children the definition of marriage à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Marriage is a compromise, an adjustment, and some loveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Asking for products that can be provided for them to consume together, most couples talked about exercising together. Playing games was the 2nd most preferred activity since it helps them connect back to their courtship days. Most people wanted their dinner and outings to be secluded, away from the world gaze if it were to be only with the couple, since they wanted to be physically close. However most of them usually went along with family and friends. Newly married couples with no children and old couples living alone rated the feeling of togetherness in their lives as very high. According to them doing every activity together gives them utmost pleasure and happiness than being in a group of either friends or family. In both these cases, men said they would want their wives along with them in whatever they do, always, women preferred to do some activities alone, like going for shopping, motherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s place etc since they knew that men would get bored, and hence should not be asked to come along even while the men refused that they would get bored. One of the couples, moved to USA immediately after marriage. According to them facing every problem independently from setting up the house, to dealing with pregnancy, child birth and rearing them up had ensured that their bonding became stronger and remains so till today. Even today they preferred to go out together and prefer spending time with each other singing and listening to devotional songs. In the old couple living with the son, the man defined marriage as togetherness, co-operation for showing love and affection. According to the lady marriage was more about finding a purpose in life. After education there is a vacuum created in life, where people become emotionally capable to give and take love and marriage gives them the right opportunity to do so within societal norms and conditions. Marriage gives a belief that there is someone for you which gives the motivation to work and do daily activities which are superficially mundane. In the new age couples women talked about marriage as more about partnership and companionship and about growing old together. However men were of the opinion that one gender doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have the capacity and maturity to have an overview of life, hence its two people coming together to have a holistic understanding of everything around, which brings completeness to life. For most couples in the mid marriage scenario, spending time alone with the spouse was not very high on the list as they opined that they had their own set of friends and other activities. They would want to spend time alone but not regularly and did not think it was possible for either of them to enjoy it more. However before marriage both of them said that they aspired to love travelling with their future spouse. One couple said à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A chit chat at the seashore or a good restaurant activates the five senses and hence makes the whole experience more lively and interesting than a closed room or home which is very predictableà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. In the case of the sea, ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s the blue sky, the smell of the sea, water touching the feet, the sand and the junk food that can be eaten. In the case of a restaurant the ambience and the food make the most important factors since that effect the mood of the discussion and how long they can spend at the restaurant. According to one of the couples the feeling of togetherness is more of an output and trust is what is more important for a long lasting relationship. However for being satisfied and happy they said togetherness is needed and trust alone would not be sufficient and most couples survive on just the social obligation to be together than even such other factors. For most dual income couples, weekends were usually spent in completing household chores, which left them with really less time for leisure except during festivals which are again filled with family and friends leaving them with little time for themselves. Give some arguments on what are the actvitites they like together in link with what you wrote here Interpretation of advertisements: All the couples liked the ads above 5 on a scale of 1 to 7. The best element according to all of them was the mischievous act which they all have done at least once and it reminded them of that. All except the C6, C7 liked the ad showing the couple going into the rain, as it was like going against social norms and seemed to bring back their youth. Segmentation: Avenue seekers: Couples, who value togetherness, spend time together and are now looking for new avenues to spend time together Facilitator seekers: Couples, who value togetherness, but are restrained by responsibilities, social norms and are looking for support in handling their responsibilities for them to spend time together. Satisfactors: Couples who are satisfied with the current way of life, and do not want to change anything for bringing in togetherness into their relation. Implication of research findings: Togetherness is perceived to be important in a marriage for a happy relationship. Children tend to become the only representation of togetherness in couples due to the lack of time and commitment towards family. Societal norms about public display of affection prevent most couples from exploring togetherness outside home. This has come out clearly where almost all the couples wanted to be either on the beach or an empty road facing vastness (either sea or road) which made them feel the whole world is at the back and they are away from everybody, alone in the world. Complete involvement gives more fun and happiness in doing activities than passive participation As long as the fun in a relation is retained there will be lesser conflicts among couples. There is a desire for bringing back the memories of youth and courtship days A place which delights the 5 senses tends to attract larger crowds. It feels good to go as a couple and get appreciated. Showing off that they are having a happy married relation makes them feel good. There is a clear lack of options in Ahmedabad for exploring togetherness due to the crowded restaurants usually with families, and there are few entertainment venues other than cinema Venture Incubation Framework: Based on the research conducted above, it was observed that there were different sets of couples, with different levels of togetherness seeking behavior based on the years of marriage, children, available free time, compatibility in terms of interests etc. However one common factor across couples was the lack of enough avenues for couples to explore togetherness. Family responsibilities and societal norms were other factors that impeded couples from spending time together. Considering this as the need gap this venture tries to build a facilitator for couples to build the feeling of togetherness by providing them a platform to explore leisure time together while also providing them with the necessary support systems to handle their other responsibilities. Value Proposition: To provide a platform to build and nurture the feeling of togetherness in couples and let them explore each other more, to have fun together, to spend time together while other priorities are taken care of. Entertainment options to be provided: Exclusive coffee shop: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Each coffee table would have a veil that ensure privacy. A single semi circular sofa would ensure the couples sit together and enjoy their own personal space. Cooking club: Couples can come and cook together here using the latest kitchenware and can also sell the recipes. This would generate trial for the latest brands and also provide fun for the couples as most couples like cooking together. Organize camping, adventure sports, trekking in the weekends Dance clubs: Candle light dinner à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" An option to arrange a candle light dinner at home is provided where the food from their choicest restaurants would be bought and the dinner arranged at a place of their choice. Competitions among couples à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Puzzles, Chinese building blocks, pottery, carpentry, Sing for the partner, Know your partner, Best proposal , write a letter to your partner Events would be conducted where events involving solving puzzles, building blocks etc would be conducted to test co-ordination among couples. Personalized movie screening for couples on special occasions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Most couples have a few specific movies which they would want to watch along with their spouse even before marriage. A screening room would be set up which can be booked for a screening of their favorite movie. Provision to design jewelry, apparels and order for production Theme based weekends à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Karaoke day, rural day, Treasure Hunt day, trekking day, digital de-toxication day, Dream Day Rural day: Plan and organize an event where a couple can go and spend one whole day in a village with all amenities provided. Digital detoxication day: Plan and organize an event where they need not use any digital product, and provide options for leisure and entertainment Dream day: One of the spouses can gift a dream day for special occasions where the whole day is planned earlier based on what they want to do together Some other services intended to be provided include: Exhibition place to display individual/group talents like painting, embroidery, wood work etc Training classes for etiquette, English Bill payments, ticket booking services Target Group: The target group for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Hum Tumà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? would be the couples across age groups who value togetherness and are looking for newer avenues to explore togetherness. In future couples who value togetherness yet do not find enough time to explore together would be targeted through plans targeted for lesser time thus introducing them to the idea of celebrating togetherness. Through co-development the services provided would be further refined and modified to satisfy the customer needs and aspirations. The promotional campaign would be initiated through a news paper advertisement inviting the first 50 interested couples to come and avail the services once in the first week for free. Launch: The first event of the weekend would be preceded by a PR event with a renowned psychologist as the chief guest followed by a competition to find the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Fevicol Coupleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? among these 50 couples based on activities testing co-ordination and mutual understanding The chief guest would discuss about the importance of togetherness and fun in marriage and how such elements would ensure more happiness and well being in life. The entire event to be covered in print. Post launch: Invitations to be sent to specific couples based on snow balling technique Offer discounts to couples who can get other like minded couples to join along. A website to be developed to plan the events before hand for couples to make plans accordingly and co-ordinate new for new events. Business Model: Customer Problem: The transition from a couple to parenthood leads to the changing perception of family as sacrifice and responsibility rather than a joy or a satisfaction of sharing which in turn impacts the happiness index of the whole family. The problem here is to ensure that the fun, joy and the feeling of togetherness in the relationship of marriage is sustained despite new responsibilities and roles. Product that addresses the problem: The platform à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Hum Tumà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? provides the opportunity to connect more with the spouse while ensuring the needs of other members of the family are met through activities that include fun while ensuring the bonding of togetherness is built stronger. Hum Tum provides a platform where togetherness is celebrated in a couple among themselves and along with other couples where they get to avail services, play and do activities that nurture togetherness and improves co-operation in the process. Core Capabilities: The core capabilities required for implementing this venture are: Capability to understanding the needs and aspirations of the customer and design services to cater to those, and market them effectively by using effective communication methods. Efficient management of the demands of the customers with the various service providers like à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" tour operators, event management companies etc Ensuring that the values offered meet and exceed the customer expectations Capability to make customers as co-developers through motivation and implementation of efficient customer feedback mechanism Key Partners: Who: The key partners in this venture would be Retail space owner: Tour operators and vehicle vendors Event managers Psychologist/Sociologist What: The key resources acquired from partners: The dependency on all the 3 partners is high here since they provide the basic infrastructure for the venture to be successful. In the long term these resources should be developed in house to reduce dependency. Here the key resources acquired are: Retail space owner: Space for setting up the various facilities offered to the target segment, ambience etc Tour operators/vehicle vendors: Infrastructural capability to provide vehicles for different routes and number of people Event managers: Capability to organize events based on themes Psychologist/Sociologist: Inputs for understanding the latent value and benefit needs from couples Key activity of Hum Tum: Hum Tum: Co-ordinates, packages and markets the combined services of all the partners in an effective way, manage customer acquisition, retention and feedback. Key activities that partners perform: Retail space owner: Lease space, responsible for hygiene factors like elevator, cleanliness etc Tour operators and vehicle vendors: For infrastructural capability to provide vehicles, logistics and support systems at other locations based on the demands aspirations of couples Event managers: For planning events effectively ensuring that couples are actively involved and enjoy the time spend with à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Hum Tumà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Psychologist/Sociologist: To suggest new and innovative methods of bringing the feeling of togetherness in couples based on the analysis lifestyle and behavior of couples coming to Hum Tum. Revenue Structure: The revenue source would be multiple streams in the case of Hum Tum as follows: Volume or unit based: Customers pay a fixed price for every visit to Hum Tum. Transaction fee: Hum Tum gets a percentage of the trip cost arranged for couples Advertising based: For events like Treasure Hunt etc, Hum Tum gets a percentage of the products services used for product placement, sampling etc. Hum Tum would not collect any percentage from the sales of coupleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s work. Cost Structure: The costs involved in setting up and running Hum Tum are as follows: Lease space in a mall, set up the space, ambience à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" High fixed cost Expert advice à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Low Fixed cost Services from partners à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Event managers, tour planners à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Medium variable cost Maintenance à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Ambience, hygiene factors etc à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Medium fixed cost Infrastructure à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Games, puzzles, chairs, tables, cooking equipment etc à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Medium fixed cost Employees à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Medium fixed cost Expected customer relation: Avenue seekers: To provide new and exciting opportunities for the couples to enjoy time together Facilitator seekers: To provide assistance in managing responsibilities in addition to providing opportunities for spending time together Cost of satisfying the expectations: Avenue seekers: Low, since the cost incurred is usually passed on to the service providers Facilitator seekers: High, since the requirements might vary and hence have to provide customized services which will increase the overall cost. Experimenting the business model: Research Methodology: Objective: To test the relevance of the entertainment options offered in Hum Tum with respect to satisfying the leisure needs of avenue seekers and the level of acceptance from facilitator seekers. Research Tool: Projective techniques used to understand the response of couples to the suggested list of entertainment options. Universe and Sample Size: Sampling Technique: 5 Couples from SEC A+ in the age group of 25-30 with no kids were chosen by following random sampling in the members of Karnavati Club and snow balling through contacts in Ahmedabad. Screening questions were asked to ensure they met the criteria of the sample. 5 couples were randomly picked from various age groups and the same technique was implemented. Data findings: Most couples liked the idea and were ready to spend till Rs. 1000 a month in availing these services. Veiled coffee tables and rural day were liked by most couples in the age group 25-30. The idea of bringing back the romanticism of courtship excited most couples. 6 out of the 10 couples liked the name à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Hum Tumà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? while others suggested names like à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Saath Palà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, 8th Vow. Couples with young children expected complete care for their children with cradles, trained nurse etc. For couples with elder kids and parents at home they wanted to have a helper sent to home who was reliable and accountable to help till they went back home. Most couples loved the idea of a special screening of the movie but wanted the screen to be larger compared to a TV screen and expected to be served food too. The maximum they were ready to pay for this was around Rs.2500 to Rs 4000. Playing games with friends families seemed interesting for most of the couples provided the winner was rewarded and would like it to be a regular event with new competitions for every other period. Innovative marketing techniques: As discussed earlier most marketers in India target family as a unit of consumption and market several products through family packs, offers for family etc. However of late there is a growing trend in a few categories where couple as a unit of consumption is being targeted with considerable success. Segments like beverages (Coffee), television, mobile and other such white goods (Onida), IPL are good examples where couples are being targeted as a unit of consumption and effectively marketed to achieve considerable results. Another good example which has effectively used the concept of togetherness in marketing is Moov which showed involvement and togetherness to reach the right TG and communicate the message effectively. References: Saikat Banerjee (2008), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Dimensions of Indian culture, core cultural values and marketing implications: An analysisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, Cross Cultural Management: An international journal, Vol 15 No. 4, pp 367-378. Berry, L.L. and Parasuraman, A. (1991), Marketing Services: Competing through Quality, Free Press, New York, NY. King, T. and Malhotra, N.K. (2004), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The conceptualization of affective experiences: theoretical foundations and cross-cultural extensionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, Asian Journal of Marketing Hofstede, G. (1991), Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, McGraw-Hill, London. Pavleen Kaur (2007), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Uncovering retail shopping motives of Indian youthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, Vol 8 No. 2, pp 128-138. Paurav Shukla (2006), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Emerging paradigms in the Indian marketplaceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, Vol 18 No. 4, pp 249-253. Martinez, E. and Polo, Y. (1999), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Determining factors in family purchasing behavior: an empirical investigationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 16 No. 5, pp. 461-81. Webster, C. and Reiss, M.C. (1999), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The antecedents of relative influence on purchase decision making: married versus cohabiting couplesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, American Marketing Association Conference Proceedings, Vol. 10, pp. 34-40. Yang Xia (2006), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Spousal influence in Singaporean family purchase decision-making process: A cross-cultural comparisonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, Vol 18 No. 3, pp 201-222 Jagdish Sheth (2009), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The call centre couple, Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s new middle classà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, Journal of Indian Business Research, Vol 1 No 1, pp 10-13 Naresh K. Malhotra, Francis M. Ulgado, James Agarwal, G. Shainesh Lan Wu(2005),à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Dimensions of service quality in developed and developing economies:multi-cross cultural comparsionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? , International Marketing Review, Vol 22 No 3, pp 256-278 4 Ashramas of life. (n.d.). Retrieved December 10th, 2010, from https://hinduism.suite101.com/article.cfm/the_four_ashrams_or_life_stages.html Importance of 7 Pheras (n.d.). Retrieved December 11th, 2010 from https://www.indiaweddingplanner.com/indian-wedding-customs/seven-vows.html https://www.marriedornot.org.uk/PDF/ChangingMarriage.pdf https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reportinfo.asp?report_id=649746 https://www.forministry.com/USCANONDEFOL2/WhatisanAshram.dsp

Fracking A Reliable Energy Solution - 1386 Words

Over the past decade oil and gas producers have increasingly used hydraulic fracturing also known as fracking to extract oil and gas from the earth. Most people believe fracking is a new process but it has been around for over 100 years. Modern day fracking began in the 1990’s when George P Mitchell created a new technique by combining fracking with horizontal drilling. Since then, U.S. oil and gas production has skyrocketed. But the â€Å"new† perception of fracking leads people to incorrectly believe that fracking is temporary and that it somehow harms the environment. The truth is fracking is a reasonable energy solution if oversight and safeguards are used. In the last ten years fracking has improved conditions in the U.S. in three†¦show more content†¦Shale is found in many colors but those that are very dark or black contain oil and gas. Conventional drillers look for pools of oil and gas above shale rock. â€Å"The oil and natural gas migrated o ut of the shale and upwards through the sediment mass because of their low density. The oil and gas were often trapped within the pore spaces of an overlying rock unit such as sandstone. These types of oil and gas deposits are known as conventional reservoirs because the fluids can easily flow through the pores of the rock and into the extraction well†. (Geology.com King) Conventional drilling into shale has declined because those conventional supplies are disappearing and drilling companies have known this for quite some time. They also know that more oil and gas can be extracted. Geology.com’s Hobart King provides this insight. â€Å"Although drilling can extract large amounts of oil and natural gas from the reservoir rock, much of it remains trapped within the shale. This oil and gas is very difficult to remove because it is trapped within tiny pore spaces or adsorbed onto clay mineral particles that make-up the shale. In the late 1990s natural gas drilling c ompanies developed new methods for liberating oil and natural gas that is trapped within the tiny pore spaces of shale. This discovery was significant because it unlocked some of the largest natural gas deposits in the world† (King Geology.com). The site goes on to provide this outlook for fracking oil

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Research in Accounting Business Ethics

Question: Describe about the Research in Accounting for Business Ethics. Answer: Part A Introduction Not only for the Strong Build Construction Company, but also for each particular association, it is significant to gratify the right individuals for their managerial opportunity after making an appropriate classification. Consequently, the CFO and the acquaintances should need to meet the terms with the strong conciliation skills for fulfilling the requests of the persons contributed in the supervisory process. Thus, the CFO and the acquaintances ought to meet the need to act in accordance with the strong negotiation skills for fulfilling the requirements of the persons contributed in the decision-making process. In this case, the CFO must necessitate the desire to keep in mind that the unyielding posture in the employment offer will considerably challenge the employment arbitration process. Body (i) Not only for the Strong Build Construction Company, but also for every single organization, it is important to satisfy the right individuals for their executive openings after making a suitable identification. Therefore, the CFO and the associates should need to comply with the strong negotiation skills for satisfying the requirements of the individuals contributed in the executive process. In this case, the CFO must need to remember that the rigid stance in the employment offer will significantly undermine the employment negotiation process (Foss and Stea 2014). Apart from that, the CFO and the other associates should need to consult with the employees at the executive level to determine about their expectation before developing executive compensation packages for them. Considering the elements of a precise executive compensation package, there are five key features needed to be discussed below: Basic PayIn order to define the basic pay, the CFO must need to consider the payments made by the other similar sized companies in the certain construction industry to the employees falling in the executive category. Benefits The benefits section of the executive package must need to provide high emphasis to ensure the needs of the identified employees are met duly (Hermanson et al. 2012). Short-term Incentive Compensation The executive compensation package must need to be included of the short-term incentives in the form of either share in the company or cash with ensuring the measurable objectives can be attained within one year. Long-term Incentive Compensation Long-term compensation plays the major role in developing the motivational factors within the employees. Therefore, the particular type of incentive included should need to be generous and powerful to encourage the employees to commit towards the company on a long-term basis to promote the success in the respective industry (Ims, et al. 2014). Executive PerksGiven the strict regulation of the government and active responses from the media, the CFO of the company should need to be careful in deciding this certain category. Therefore, the company should need to provide creative thinking by providing multiple facilities to the company executive level of employees. (ii) According to the suggestion of the agency theory, a firm can be viewed from the perspective of the nexus of contracts between the different resource holders. Agency theory develops with the involvement of agency relationship where one or more individuals are hiring one or more persons for performing specific services (O'Reilly, et al. 2014). Here, the hiring individuals are called as the principals, and the hired or recruited persons are known as agents. The decision-making authority is delegated to these agents by the principals afterwards. For the CFO of Strong Build Construction Company, it is essential to understand what pay system will be efficient and how their effectiveness will vary by considering the various contingency factors, such the environmental culture, competition, business strategy, characteristics of the employees, etc. Therefore, the company should need to develop a conceptual framework to facilitate the specific understanding (Pepper and Gore 2014). Agency theory is one of the traditional theories focusing on the divergent set of interests and goals of the numerous stakeholders of the organization to shape up the utilisation of the employee compensation. It suggests aligning the compensation packages provided to the employees according to these identified interests and goals. (iii) Difference between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation: Sr. No. Extrinsic Motivation Intrinsic Motivation 1) Extrinsic motivation suggests motivating a person to engage in an activity or perform in behaviour. Intrinsic motivation suggests engaging in an activity or performing a behaviour due the process is personally rewarding. 2) In this case, the activities are done majorly due to avoid punishment or earn rewards (Pepper and Gore 2015). In this case, the activities are performed by the individuals for their sake, rather than earning some external rewards. 3) Extrinsic motivation is influenced by the external sources associated with the individuals. Intrinsic motivation is affected by the inner mind-set of the individuals. Relationship between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation: It is worth to mention that motivation can be categorised as extrinsic and intrinsic. There is a significant association between the both of the motivating factors. When the individuals want to do something for their sake is categorised to be intrinsic, whereas the extrinsic factors suggest the activities are done by the influence of outside elements (Ferrell, Fraedrich, and Ferrell 2014). Therefore, it can be observed that both of the motivational categories supports the organization to achieve their goals and objectives according to the mission statement, while both have their positive and negative impacts on the individuals. (iv) Due to the rapid change of technologic environment and different rules and regulations as part of the political atmosphere, competitive global markets including the construction industry are facing major challenges. The dynamics of the competitive global markets have accelerated the pace of the organizational change procedures. Similarly, the organizations are exposed to some major number of risks, as it can be observed in the example of Strong Build Construction Company. Due to the necessity of the organizations to go through the significant changes over the different periods, the attitudes of the employees are required to be modified accordingly (Guidotti and Guidotti 2013). Therefore, the employee perception should need to be developed with the capability of taking risks. To ensure the certain process, companies have developed different compensation packages for the specific employees. These compensation packages are required to promote the employee engagement towards the risk tak ing aspect. (v) Employee benefits known as the non-wage compensation offered to the employees are optional in additional to its core payment from an organization. Insurance benefits, disability protection, health, and wellbeing criteria, funding of education, and some other significant factors are the factors as part of the employee benefits (Hill 2012). These certain factors associated with the employee benefits have their individual time periods for acquisition, which drive the employees of an organization to achieve those based on their performances. Therefore, not only the additional benefits but also determining the proper timeframe with these factors be equally important for the identified company for promoting the employee desire for obtaining them (Huang, Leonard and Tong 1997). Additionally, it must need to mention that the company is only able to provide its employees the increased flexibility and access to these benefits, but also can recruit and secure their retention for a long-term per iod. (vi) The perceived fairness in determining the employee compensation plays vital roles, as it is considered as the fundamental reason causing the employees to leave the organization. The concept of equity developed by the additional efforts put forwarded by the employees to the goals of the organization or even the job objectives of their certain posts (Malik 2012). These are basic reasons leading the organization to ensure the compensation developed and offered to the employees are rooted from the principles of fairness. Major research successfully indicated that the employees perception of the fairness and the equitable treatment is the fundamental attribute for the organization to drive their performance, engagement, and retention with the company. Therefore, unfair treatment is corrosive, especially in the case of the employee compensation, because of the unfairness in the treatment might have devastating impacts of the organization (Mancini, Vaassen and Dameri 2013). Destructive, procedural, and interactional are the three key types of fairness that the organization should need to consider while determining the compensation. (vii) By judging the case of Strong Build Construction Company, the executive compensation committee should need to provide benefits in determining the compensation for its employees. Although these advantages might be expensive for the company, these provide multiple intrinsic benefits to both the organization and the employees with maintaining a comprehensive benefits plan (Mattone 2013). With the help of the process, the organization can develop and retain the highly skilled and committed staffs, which is the fundamental driver for achieving the success in the identified industry. Conclusion In order to structure the executive compensation committee, not only the CFO of Strong Build Construction Company should need to provide the utmost priority, but also, the board and management should need to provide increasing awareness (Muna and Khoury 2012). It is observed that the continuous evolution in compensation has ensured the factor to become more decisive in retaining and motivating the critical talents of the senior level executives of the companies. Such evolution is observed after recovering from the impact of the recession in 2008. In order to develop the structure of the executive compensation committee, four mix components, and trends should need to consist (Occupational Outlook Handbook 2014). Annual based salary Developing and maintaining the bonus plans or annual incentives by considering the short-term performance measures Determining the long-term incentives by considering the long-term performance plans related to the implementation of the budget or returns to the shareholders Developing and offering the benefit plan Recommendation Determining employee compensation is a delicate subject, where most of the organizations become highly passionate in deciding the most appropriate compensation plan for their staffs and workers (Puckett 2013). As for the recommendation in determining the optimal employee compensation, the sensitive balance should need to be developed between the expectations of the employees and meeting the financial goals of the company. In line with the particular fact, some critical recommendations are highlighted below: The compensation plan must need to be includedin the benefit plans and incentives for the employees with having the precise guidelines for minimising confusions (Sputtek 2012). Before developing and offering the benefit plan, the company should need to have a clear understanding of the overall cost of the process. Therefore, the compensation committee should need to assess long-term expenses and direct cost adding up the total price of the benefit plan. Last but not the least; it is crucial for the organization to develop awareness about the talent or skill required for the identified job roles to provide a balance between the supply of talent to the recruiting area and the demands of those talents (The CAESAR, POLO ESAU papers 2007). Part B (i) a. The paper developed by Gold, Gronewold, and Pott (2012) is named as The ISA 700 Auditors Report and the Audit Expectation Gap Do Explanations Matter?. The major purpose of developing this research-based paper is to measure and evaluate the effectiveness of the particular explanations dictated by the revised ISA 700 auditors report. The certain revision is done for minimising the gaps in the different expectations of the auditors. In order to meet with the identified purpose of the paper, the researchers have ensured the participation of the German auditors and the financial statement users within a specific experiment (Tietz 2013). The identified experiment was based on reading the summary of the auditors report and financial statements with considering the explanations mandated by the ISA 700. The overall purpose of developing such an arrangement is to measure the gaps between the directed explanations of the ISA 700 and the opinions of the auditors. The implication of the process can be further identified by developing a comparative overview of the perception of those participants with the reliability of the financial statements alongside the associated responsibilities of the management (Vidal and Casey 2014). Therefore, developing this particular knowledge regarding the comparative overview is also a personal purpose of developing the identified research paper. (i) b. Big incentive Medium incentive Small incentive Group1 The auditors must need to be both internal and external. Financial analysis is done with the involvement of junior and senior analysts. Detailed financial information related to the financial statements can be obtained Group2 The participation of both students from the high and middle schools and the investors can be maintained. Auditing report can be developed with the clear indication of the profitability position of the business enterprise. The ability of the financial information to reflect the financial strength of the organization. (i) c. The process related to the manipulation checks is based on determining the discrepancies involving the multiple reports developed by the auditors and the accounting statement prepared during the time of preparing the financial statements annually (Williamson, Campagna, and Ogden 2012). Apart from that, another significant purpose of the manipulation check is based on the supporting the formation of the financial statements with the accordance with the necessary guidelines and framework supposed to be adhered by the process. Based on the argument raised by Moser and Martin (2012), the auditors are responsible for producing authentic reports representing the financial statements associated with the business organizations. In order to ensure the achievement of such responsibility, the auditors must need to consider the essential roles played by the manipulation checks (Wilson 2012). On the other hand, it is necessary for the auditors to record and report the possible manipulations ident ified within the business organizations. In this case, the manipulation checking process must need to track different expenses associated with the operations of the organization with scrutinising the bills and vouchers generated from the transactions. Considering the overall understanding, it can be understood that manipulation checks are responsible for resisting the illegal manipulations giving rise to the operational expenses for the business (Yeo et al. 2012). By citing the statement developed by ODwyer and Unerman (2014), proper identification of the possible discrepancies within the financial statements as well as the auditors report can be ensured by maintaining the manipulation checking process. In conclusion, it is worth to mention that multiple stringent measures are included within the process for systematically evaluating the sales revenues of the business along with the tax paid by the business organization. (ii) a. Based on the investigation conducted by the studies developed by Agayei, Aye, and Owusu-Yeboah (2013) and Okafor and Otalor (2013), it is identified that both papers are developed with the primary intension of investigating the 20th century auditing process emphasising specifically to the detection of fraud (Young 2013). However, the shift of importance can be noticed within the two papers towards the detailed information maintained within the major financial statements developed by the businesses. The profession related to auditing seeks to reduce the impact of discrepancies due to the implication of different lawsuits involving the certain business industry and the operations. Considering the preliminary understanding, the researchers have observed that the numerous stakeholders associated with the business organizations are dissatisfied with the roles played by the auditors regarding successful detection of fraud (Tietz 2013). Therefore, the significant goal of developing both of the studies is developing an assessment regarding the validity and reliability of auditors roles in multiple organizations of Ghana while considering the perspectives of both the stakeholders and auditors. (ii)b. By considering the study developed by Okafor and Otalor (2013), it can be analysed that the auditing expectation gap is determined by preparing the difference between the certain amount of estimated performance encountered by the auditors and the multiple users of the financial statements. Apart from that, the particular study has also recognised the gap representing the expectation by establishing the differences between the auditing activities and performance and the level of information distributed through the auditing process (The CAESAR, POLO ESAU papers 2007). In order develop the evidence; the collection of data was necessary, which was performed effectively through the questionnaire. On the other hand, the study formed by Agayei, Aye, and Owusu-Yeboah (2013) identified that the particular gap in expectation related to the auditing process emerges mainly due to the biases of the terms and concepts involved in the overall process. Furthermore, these terms and concepts include materiality, relevance, fairness, reasonableness, reliability, and fair value. In order to accomplish the study and come up with certain findings, the sampling technique was applied sufficiently (Sputtek 2012). By looking at the overall discussion, it seems the approach developed by Okafor and Otalor (2013) is more rigorous due to the focus was provided to the quantitative research process with considering the two major hypotheses. (ii) c. As determined from the report produced by Agyei and Gyamerah (2014), the study developed by Agayei, Aye, and Owusu-Yeboah (2013) considered the selection of participants as both male and female representing 72.5% and 27.5% respectively. Amongst these participants, the researchers made sure that 60% should need to have the experience of 5 years, while 30% should possess a skill level between 5 to 10 years (Occupational Outlook handbook 2014). The rest of the participants, i.e. 10% should acquire an even higher level of experience. On the other hand, the research paper developed by Okafor and Otalor (2013) had considered the several participants with their individual involvement in the accounting departments of different universities and public institutions. Therefore, it is quite clear that the approach developed by Agayei, Aye, and Owusu-Yeboah (2013) is superior and rigorous due to the utilisation of sampling frames and different demographic criteria. (ii) d. Considering the responses obtained from the respondents of the study developed by Agayei, Aye, and Owusu-Yeboah (2013), 45% agrees with the information portrayed within the financial statements, whereas 45% disagreed, as dictated by Boateng and Agyei (2013). On the other hand, the 65% responses of the stockbroker suggest that those frauds are detected within the financial statements of the organizations or institutes. Alternatively, the responses collected by Okafor and Otalor (2013) have led the study to reveal that the auditors are always responsible for assuring the delivery of accurate and reliable auditing reports alongside publishing the major financial statements (Muna and Khoury 2012). Another significant finding of the study proposed that 67.12% respondents reflected that they did not know about the core set of expectations out of the auditors with accordance to the statute books and relevant documents. Therefore, by looking at the findings, it is natural that Okafor and Otalor (2013) have gained and maintained an adequate response rate whereas the various responses failed to lead the achievement of a precise conclusion by Agayei, Aye, and Owusu-Yeboah (2013). (ii) e. As outlined by Ayuurebobi et al. (2015), it can be determined that the study developed by Agayei, Aye, and Owusu-Yeboah (2013) has considered two major parameters, namely Agree and Disagree. Thus, the agreement and disagreement of the various variables are judged by the process. Okafor and Otalor (2013) measured the responses obtained from the participants by ensuring the collection of auditing and financial data. Therefore, it can be quietly observed that the data analysis approaches inducted by Okafor and Otalor (2013) are highly positive due to the consideration of the financial information will help to develop an accurate and relevant result. (ii)f. Based on the argument raised by Kusi et al. (2015), some of the critical flaws have been identified in the research paper developed by Agayei, Aye, and Owusu-Yeboah (2013). The most significant error of them all is the complicated responses from the users about the auditing analysis related to the financial statements. Conversely, faults are also there in the work developed by Okafor and Otalor (2013), as the proper emphasis was required to be provided to the educational qualifications of the research participants (Mattone 2013). References Ferrell, O., Friedrich, J. and Ferrell, L. (n.d.).Business ethics. Foss, N and Stea, D 2014, 'Putting a realistic theory of mind into agency theory: implications for reward design and management in principal agent relations', European Management Review, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 101-16. Guidotti, T.,andGuidotti, T. (2013).Occupational health services. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge/Taylor Francis Group. Hermanson, DR, Tompkins, JG, Veliyath, R and Ye, ZS 2012, 'The compensation committee process', Contemporary Accounting Research, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 666-709. Hill, C. (2012). Consensual qualitative research.Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Huang, Q., Leonard, J. and Tong, C. (1997).Business decision making in China. New York: International Business Press. Ims, KJ, Pedersen, LJT and Zsolnai, L 2014, 'How economic incentives may destroy social, ecological and existential values: the case of executive compensation', Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 123, no. 2, pp. 353-60. Malik, F. (2012).The right corporate governance.Frankfurt: Campus Verlag. Mancini, D., Vaassen, E. and Dameri, R. (2013). Accounting information systems for decision making. Berlin: Springer. Mattone, J. (2013). Powerful executive coaching.New York: AMACOM, American Management Association. Muna, F.,andKhoury, G. (2012).The Palestinian executive.Burlington, VT: Gower. Occupational outlook handbook. (2014). Lanham, Md.: Bernan. O'Reilly, CA, Doerr, B, Caldwell, DF and Chatman, JA 2014, 'Narcissistic CEOs and executive compensation', The Leadership Quarterly, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 218-31. Pepper, A and Gore, J 2014, 'The economic psychology of incentives: An international study of top managers', Journal of World Business, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 350-61. Pepper, A and Gore, J 2015, 'Behavioral agency theory new foundations for theorizing about executive compensation', Journal of Management, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 1045-68. Puckett, R. (2013). Food service manual for health care institutions. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, A Wiley Imprint. Sputtek, R. (2012). Opening the black box.Wiesbaden: Springer Gabler. The CAESAR, POLO ESAU papers. (2007). [McLean, Va.?]: [Central Intelligence Agency]. Tietz, R. (2013). Executive teams in research-based spin-off companies. Wiesbaden: Springer Gabler. Vidal, D. and Casey, M. (2014).Next practices.Lanham, MD: Rowman Littlefield Education. Williamson, T., Campagna, M. and Ogden, A. (2012).Adapting sustainable forest management to climate change.Ottawa: Canadian Council of Forest Ministers. Wilson, M. (2012).The handbook of work analysis.New York: Routledge. Yeo, S., Pan, Y., Lee, Y. and Chang, H. (2012).Computer science and its applications.Dordrecht: Springer. Young, E. (2013). Ernst Young Tax Guide 2014.Hoboken: Wiley.